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<big><big>Division B - Standards</big></big>
<hr>
<big><big><big><big><big>Notes to Standard for Hot Fluid-applied Rubberized Asphalt Roof Systems</big></big></big></big></big>
<hr>

(Notes are explanatory and non-binding, each provided to support the requirements, guiding principles and recommendations of the Standard.)


====<big><span class="reference">Notes to Part 1</span></big>====

<div id=A-1.1.3.1.></div>
:<big>'''A-1.1.3.1.'''</big> ('''Permitted Roof Systems''')
:Designing a good roof begins with the end in mind and an answer to the essential question, “What purpose will the roof serve?”  For example, the roof may
::*simply weatherproof the building interior.
::*provide a location for building equipment and services.
::*support liveable (amenity) spaces.

:The ''Finished waterproofing system'' is defined by whatever is placed on the membrane, which may be insulation, ballast, pavers or overburden.  These materials will displace water and therefore affect the height of membrane flashing needed to prevent water ingress.  The definition of ''Finished waterproofing system'' is illustrated below in '''Figures 1.3.2-1''' and '''1.3.2-2'''. See also Article 1.1.1.4., "Definitions".
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<div id=A-1.1.3.3.></div>
:<big>'''A-1.1.3.3.'''</big> ('''Membrane Integrity Scans''')
:An integrity scan is performed after the installation of the roof ''waterproofing system'', before any ''overburden'', equipment or amenity space is installed on top of it. An integrity scan typically uses low-voltage electrical current to detect even the smallest breaches in the roof membrane, but some waterproofing materials may require the use of other technologies to verify the roof system’s integrity.  Therefore, ''Design Authority'' should specify the appropriate technology, keeping in mind the limitations of each scan and detection methodology, and of the membranes that are specified.

:Neither an integrity scan nor an Electronic Leak Detection (ELD) system are considered Accepted Materials, but firms that provide these services are nevertheless specifically recognized and approved by the '''''RoofStar Guarantee Program'''''.

<div id=A-1.1.3.3.(5)></div>
:<big>'''A-1.1.3.3.(5)'''</big> ('''Flood Testing''')
:Flood testing is a method employed to visually check a membrane for leaks; it involves flooding a finished membrane area to a depth not exceeding 100 mm (4"), and leaving the area flooded for a standard period (24 to 48 hours).  The test is predicated on the assumption water under hydro-static pressure will present on the underside of the membrane if any breaches are present through which even a molecule of water can pass. ASTM D5957, "Standard Guide for Flood Testing Horizontal Waterproofing Installations", is the commonly accepted method for conducting membrane integrity flood tests.

:''Protected roof systems'' are best suited for flood testing.  The membrane is usually installed directly above the roof ''deck'', and if water leaks through the membrane, the leak may be seen from below (this is less likely on a concrete ''deck'', simply because water will not present unless it has a pathway through the deck (a crack, for example); and even then, water may not present for several days after the conclusion of the test.

<div id=A-1.1.3.4.></div>
:<big>'''A-1.1.3.4.'''</big> ('''Electronic Leak Detection''')
:Electronic Leak Detection (ELD) utilizes low-voltage electrical current, typically conducted through wires installed in a grid pattern.  ELD technologies are used in response to a leak, to isolate its location in order to minimize investigation time and material removal. This can benefit a building owner who will have to bear the costs of demolition or overburden removal when the standard limits of coverage afforded by the '''''RoofStar Guarantee''''' are exceeded by the ''Project'' design and construction.  ELD technologies may be passive (installed but not monitored) or actively monitored (by the installer, through real-time data collection).

<div id=A-1.1.3.5.></div>
:<big>'''A-1.1.3.5.'''</big> ('''Hot Works''')
:When any portion of a ''roof system'' is installed with heat, the work is classified as Hot Works.  Some tools used in the course of Hot Works can ignite combustible materials, and some building environments are more sensitive to fire than others, such as a building containing or in close proximity to flammable liquids. Hot works may occur during
::*tear off (sparks).
::*''deck'' preparation (drying wet surfaces).
::*cold temperatures (warming materials or surfaces).
::*equipment use (sparks within electrical tools, or from cutting, drilling, or grinding metal, concrete, stone or other hard surface products).
::*membrane installation (with the means of a kettle, hot-air welder, or open flame torch).
;:

<div id=A-1.1.4.></div>
:<big>'''A-1.1.4.'''</big> ('''Alterations and Additions''')
:As a roof ages, is neglected or is damaged, it may lose its ability to perform reliably and effectively, necessitating replacement.  Replacement roofing, also referred to as "re-roofing," whether made in whole or in part, should be undertaken with the Quality Assurance and Quality Control provided for under the '''''RoofStar Guarantee Program'''''.  Regardless of the approach to replacement roofing, the existing deck structure must meet the pullout resistance rating for mechanical fasteners and must be capable of supporting all dead and live loads.  Furthermore, the deck must be capable of supporting any additional dead loads of the new roof system.

:Three types of replacement roofing are contemplated and permitted (with varying degrees of limitations and conditions) under the '''''RoofStar Guarantee Program''''':
:*'''System replacement''' - removal and replacement of all ''roof system'' components, except for the supporting deck structure.
:*'''Membrane replacement''' – removal and replacement of the roof membrane, while retaining existing ''roof system'' components (i.e., insulation, ballast).
:*'''Recovering''' - installation of a new membrane over an existing membrane, while retaining some or all of the other ''roof system'' materials (NOTE: Recovering is permitted only with a written Variance issued by the '''''Guarantor''''').

:Qualifying and construction conditions and limitations for each of these replacement options are outlined in Subsection 1.1.4.  Other conditions and limitation may be determined by the '''''Guarantor''''' subject to the nature and specifications of the replacement roofing ''project''.

<div id=A-1.3.2.2.></div>
:<big>'''A-1.3.2.2.'''</big> ('''Workmanship''')
:While integrity and functionality of a new roof or grade-level waterproofing is the foundation of a '''''RoofStar Guarantee''''', it is no less important to ensure that the finished ''project'' exhibits excellent workmanship.

====<big><span class="reference">Notes to Part 2</span></big>====
<div id=A-2></div>
:<big>'''A-2'''</big> ('''Scope and Application of Part 2''')
:Part 2 addresses ''deck'' and ''wall'' materials, deck slope, ''deck'' and ''wall'' conditions, and the methods by which intersecting systems such as electrical wiring can be executed safely and in alignment with the interests of the '''''Guarantor'''''.  It does not address construction or installation of ''decks'' and ''walls'', which is the work of other trades.  For the preparation of a ''roof deck'' to render a deck or wall suitable for roofing, refer to Part 9 and Part 10, in the articles pertaining the substrate preparation.

<div id=A-2.1.3.1.></div>
:<big>'''A-2.1.3.1.'''</big> ('''General Requirements for Roof Slope''')
:Roof slope may be achieved either by designing the roof structure with sloped ''decks'' ("structural slope"), or by introducing slope with tapered board insulation (built into the ''roof system'').

<div id=A-2.1.3.1.(4)></div>
:<big>'''A-2.1.3.1.(4)'''</big> ('''Sufficient Slope''')
:The term, "sufficient slope", is a reference to a nominal value applied to the primary sloped planes of a roof, and is measured from the highest point on a slope to the lowest point, at the roof drain or sump edge (the term does not refer to the slope of valleys).  It is also generally a subject that concerns roofs with an exposed membrane (not covered with ballast or an ''overburden''), and generally does not apply to ''protected roof systems''.  This definition of "sufficient slope" allows for the possibility of intermittent deflections in the drainage plane, particularly in places where the underlying deck may have settled over time.

<div id=A-2.1.5.1.></div>
:<big>'''A-2.1.5.1.'''</big> ('''Steel Roof Decks''')
:Steel ''decks'' are constructed of light gauge (usually 22, 20, or 18 gauge) cold-rolled steel sections (panels) that are usually galvanized. In cross-section the panels are ribbed, with the ribs usually spaced at 150 mm (6") O.C. The ribs provide the strength and rigidity of the panels. Steel ''decks'' are generally supported by open-web steel joist framing and are welded or mechanically fastened to the framework</span>.

<div id=A-2.1.5.2.></div>
:<big>'''A-2.1.5.2.'''</big> ('''Concrete Roof Decks''')
:Concrete ''decks'' to which a ''roof system'' may be applied include
:*Cast-in-place.
:*Pre-cast panels.
:*Pre-stressed panels.
:*Lightweight.

<div id=A-2.1.5.3.></div>
:<big>'''A-2.1.5.3.'''</big> ('''All Wood Roof Decks''')
:Wood is a common roof ''deck'' construction material that has been used for many years because of its economy, ease of fabrication, lighter construction, and ready availability. Acceptable wood roof ''decks'' may include (without limitation)
:*'''wood board''' (tongue-and-groove, ship-lapped, or splined boards or planks that typically range in thickness from 19 mm to 89 mm (nominal 1" to 4").  Wood board ''decks'' may also include Mill Decks which are also called Nail-Laminated Timber decks.  These are constructed with a single layer of dimensional boards (dimensions can vary), placed on edge and spiked together to form a Mill Deck.   The thickness of the boards is determined by the anticipated loads and spacing of roof joists or trusses.
:*'''plywood''' (exterior type plywood mechanically fastened to the roof framing).
:*'''non-veneered''' (oriented strand board, waferboard, etc.).
:*'''laminated timber''' (typically comprised of crossing layers of dimensional solid wood material, laminated to form a thick, dimensionally stable slab strong enough to support significant structural loads).

<div id=A-2.1.6.1.></div>
:<big>'''A-2.1.6.1.'''</big> ('''Expansion Joints''')
:Roof expansion joints, or movement joints, are designed to safely absorb thermal expansion and contraction of materials, or to absorb vibration.  This is especially critical on large roof areas where the expansion and contraction rates of materials, such as insulation panels, can adversely affect membranes and induce ''racking''; by dividing the roof into smaller area units, these effects can be ameliorated.  

:Expansion joints also allow for movement caused by settlement and earthquakes.

<div id=A-2.1.6.2.></div>
:<big>'''A-2.1.6.2.'''</big> ('''Control Joints''')
:''Control joints'' (sometimes referred to as roof dividers) are site-built but relatively uncommon for roofs with flexible membranes. They are designed to help control thermal expansion and contraction stresses in the roof ''system'' where no structural expansion joint has been provided in the building design, by dividing large roof areas into smaller ones. ''Control joints'' may be present on older roofs with built-up ''roof systems'', and will have to be taken into consideration by the ''Design Authority''; in some cases, ''control joints'' may be eliminated for replacement roofing.  Still, control joints may be employed by the ''Design Authority'' to control expansion and contraction of any materials in the ''roof system'', or for dividing existing roof areas for phased replacement roofing.

:''Control joints'' may be employed to divide a large roof area into smaller roof areas, for the purpose of phasing replacement roofing.

<div id=A-2.1.7.></div>
:<big>'''A-2.1.7.'''</big> ('''Walls''')
:''Walls'' and roofs intersect either directly (where the ''wall'' structurally connects to the roof structure, so that both move together), or indirectly (where the roof structure and the ''wall'' structure are independent of each other, so that the movement of one does not affect the other).  These locations require an expansion joint.

<div id=A-2.1.8.></div>
:<big>'''A-2.1.8.'''</big> ('''Electrical Cables and Boxes''')
:Electrical boxes, fixtures, and electrical wiring (exposed or protected inside conduit) installed inside, on top of, or beneath a roof assembly may present hazards for roofing workers and building occupants, and may interfere with the roof design.

:Many ''Tested Assemblies'' (roof assemblies tested under controlled conditions) rely on mechanical fasteners to secure some or all materials.  Roof fasteners (which are self-drilling so they can penetrate steel decking) are capable of penetrating even the most rigid electrical conduit.  When roofing screws contact an energized electrical system, workers can be shocked, sometimes with lethal consequences.  Furthermore, electrical conductors damaged by roofing screws may not trip fault protection devices which generally do not respond to high-resistance faults.  High-resistance electrical faults have been linked to numerous structural fires, which sometimes occur years after conductors were damaged.  For these reasons, separating the electrical service from the roof assembly is critical.

:Electrical conductor damage is not a problem exclusive to new construction.  As roofs wear out and require partial or full replacement, mechanical fastening is often the only way by which new roof materials can be secured to the structural roof deck, to comply with the Building Code.  When electrical systems are hidden by existing ''roof system'' materials, the design and construction of a replacement roof may be exceedingly difficult to execute.

:Rule 12-022 of the "2021 Canadian Electrical Code, Part I", now prohibits the installation of “cables or raceways” within a roof assembly.  Rule 12-022 is reprinted below (the term “roof decking system” used in the Rule has the same meaning as ''roof assembly'' used by ASTM International (ASTM D6630-08, "Standard Guide for Low slope Insulated Roof membrane Assembly Performance"), and by this Standard):

::'''12-022 Cables or raceways installed in roof decking systems'''
:::1) Cables or raceways installed in accordance with this Section shall not be installed in locations concealed within a roof decking system, where the roof systems utilises screws or other metal penetrating fasteners.

:::2) Notwithstanding Subrule 1) the following circuits shall be permitted for installations in locations concealed within a roof decking system:
::::a) Class 2 circuits in which the open-circuit voltage does not exceed 30 V; and
::::b) embedded trace heat.
:::3) Where wiring is concealed within the roof deck system in accordance with Subrule 2), a warning label shall be installed
::::a) at all permanently installed roof access points where provided; and
::::b) in a conspicuous location in the roof area where the cabling is installed.

:While Rule 12-022 permits the installation of cables and raceways within a ''roof system'' that does not utilize "screws or other metal penetrating fasteners", doing so is inadvisable; unlike electrical systems that are more or less permanent, ''roof systems'' must be renewed, usually multiple times over the course of a building's expected service life.  Often, when the ''roof system'' is only partially renewed (for reasons of economy, or to limit the amount of material entering the waste stream), mechanical fasteners offer the best option for securing new materials to those left ''in situ''.  Obviously, electrical systems located anywhere close to the ''roof assembly'' pose high risks to both the ''Contractor'' during construction, and may introduce a fire risk to building occupants later (for more on this subject, see the Information Centre in Division E).  Providing considerable separation between electrical systems and the ''roof assembly'', and ensuring that electrical services to rooftop equipment utilize purpose-made penetrations that can be sealed into the ''roof system'', will serve the Owners well for the service life of the building.

:Rule 12-022 is a national code requirement directly resulting from a years-long endeavor by the RCABC, provincial adoption of the Canadian Electrical Code, Part I may be delayed because of the British Columbia code cycle.  Nevertheless, the ''Design Authority'' is advised to adopt the requirements and prohibitions of the national Code, and to also adopt the following requirements for new construction or replacement roofing, as they apply.

====<big><span class="reference">Notes to Part 3</span></big>====
<div id=A-3.1.1.1.></div>
:<big>'''A-3.1.1.1.'''</big> ('''Scope''')
:Wind exerts tremendous forces on a ''roof system'', regardless of roof type.  While wind is commonly experienced as a “pushing” force, wind also generates “negative” (pulling or “uplift”) forces, particularly on flat roofs.  These powerful forces can, if the ''roof system'' is poorly secured to the building’s structural elements, detach a portion or all of a ''roof system'' from the building.

:The Code refers to these calculated forces as ''Specified Wind Loads'', which act in concert with the “responses of the roof system…[and therefore] are time-and-space dependent, and thus are dynamic in nature.” (CSA Standard A123.21, "Standard test method for the dynamic wind uplift resistance of membrane-roofing systems" (latest edition), 4.1).  Because of this dynamic interplay between loads and a building’s structural capacities (the load paths between the roof system and other structural elements of the building), the ''Design Authority'' must design a roof capable of effectively absorbing and mitigating ''Specified Wind Loads''.

:As stated earlier, the calculation of ''Specified Wind Loads'' falls under ''British Columbia Building Code, Division B, Subsection 4.1.7., "Wind Loads", while the securement of the roof components system to resist ''Specified Wind Loads'' is governed by the "British Columbia Building Code", Division B, Article 5.2.2.2., "Determination of Wind Load".

<div id=A-3.1.1.2.></div>
:<big>'''A-3.1.1.2.'''</big> ('''Intent''')
:In December 2018 the Province of British Columbia released a revised edition of the [http://free.bcpublications.ca/civix/content/public/bcbc2018/?xsl=/templates/browse.xsl "British Columbia Building Code"] (the "Code"), based on the 2015 ''National Building Code of Canada''.  The 2018 Building Code includes a considerable expansion of the requirements in Division B, Part 4 (see "British Columbia Building Code", Division B, [http://free.bcpublications.ca/civix/document/id/public/bcbc2018/bcbc_2018dbp4s41r2 Subsection 4.1.7., "Wind Loads"]) applicable to the loads exerted on a roof system by wind.  The careful reader will note that these Part 4 requirements apply to all Part 3 buildings and to some Part 9 structures.

:While the expansion of Part 4 addresses the calculation of dynamic wind loads experienced by a roof assembly, Part 5 ("Environmental Separation") specifies how a roof system should be secured to resist ''Specified Wind Loads'' (see the "British Columbia Building Code", Division B, [http://free.bcpublications.ca/civix/document/id/public/bcbc2018/bcbc_2018dbp5s52 Article 5.2.2.2., "Determination of Wind Load"]).

:Article 5.2.2.2. of the Building Code applies almost exclusively to ''conventionally insulated roof systems'' and is specifically oriented to sheet membrane roof systems.  While sheet membrane ''conventionally insulated roof systems'' are prolific and perhaps the most common type of ''waterproofing roof system'', the Building Code offers little guidance for other roof types, including uninsulated roof systems, liquid membrane systems, systems insulated above the membrane (referred to as “inverted” or “protected”), and steeply sloped roofs (greater than 1:6, or 2" in 12").  This Standard incorporates design and construction guidance, even where the Code appears to offer little or no support.

:Proper securement of the ''roof system'', to resist wind uplift loads, is good practice.  It also fulfills the design and construction objectives of the Code, to guard public safety, and it supports the design objectives of the '''''RoofStar Guarantee Program''''', to keep weather outside of the building.  In this Part, the reader will find explanatory notes and aids in the design and construction of a roof intended to be Code-compliant.

<div id=A-3.1.3.1.></div>
:<big>'''A-3.1.3.1.'''</big> ('''Responsibility for Design''')
:See also the "British Columbia Building Code", Division B, [http://free.bcpublications.ca/civix/document/id/public/bcbc2018/bcbc_2018dcp2s22r2 Article 2.2.1.2., "Structural Design"], and the "British Columbia Building Code", Division B, Part 5, Notes to Part 5: Note [https://free.bcpublications.ca/civix/document/id/public/bcbc2018/bcbc_2018dbp5n Note A-5.2.2.2.(4)].

====<big><span class="reference">Notes to Part 4</span></big>====

====<big><span class="reference">Notes to Part 5</span></big>====
<div id=A-5></div>
:<big>'''A-5'''</big> ('''Deck and Wall Overlays''')
:This Part addresses materials that are acceptable as overlays used to render a deck or wall surface suitable for roofing.  This Part supports the substrate preparation requirements in Parts 9 and 10.

<div id=A-5.1.3.1.></div>
:<big>'''A-5.1.3.1.'''</big> ('''Required Use of Overlays''')
:A roof ''deck'' overlay (also called a system underlay) is installed as part of the ''roof system'', on the top surface of the roof ''deck'' but beneath other roofing materials. These products are most commonly affixed to steel ''decks'' to provide a level surface for the roof membrane, to support air or vapour control layers, or to serve as a thermal barrier between the roof deck and combustible insulation.  Roof ''deck'' overlay materials may also be applied to other types of supporting ''deck'' structures, depending on the roof design criteria.

====<big><span class="reference">Notes to Part 6</span></big>====
<div id=A-6></div>
:<big>'''A-6'''</big> ('''Air and Vapour Controls''')
:Part 6 is a boilerplate wording included in every Standard of the '''''RoofStar Guarantee Program''''', regardless of whether or how air and vapour controls are used in a ''roof assembly''.

:Air and vapour controls, whether manufactured as sheet products or as liquids, form a critical component of the suite of building enclosure systems used to regulate the movement of air and water vapour in and out of the building.  Because continuity is critical not only within an ''assembly'' but also between assemblies, performance of air and vapour control materials is not covered by the '''''RoofStar Guarantee'''''; the '''''RoofStar Guarantee Program''''' is limited to the scope of a ''roof system'', and therefore it has no control over the construction or performance of adjoining assemblies, such as ''walls'', which may adversely impact the performance of the ''roof system''.  Nevertheless, the choice of materials used in a ''roof system'' is still critical for its performance.  Therefore, this Part prohibits certain materials because, from a constructability standpoint, they are difficult to seal (to achieve continuity), and are often fragile and prone to puncture during construction.  Furthermore, this Part includes both design and construction requirements intended to achieve continuity, since the transfer of air and the movement of water vapour into the ''roof system'' can produce false leaks that undermine the objectives of the Standard.

<div id=A-6.1.1.1.></div>
:<big>'''A-6.1.1.1.'''</big> ('''Scope''')
:Air and vapour control layers, along with thermal barriers, water resistive barriers and water-shedding surfaces, serve to separate the outside environment from the interior environments of a structure. Continuous air control layers are perhaps the most critical. Codes in each jurisdiction, and the "2020 National Energy Code of Canada for Buildings" (NECB), require the selection and proper installation of “a continuous air barrier system comprised of air-barrier assemblies"..."to control air leakage into and out of the conditioned space” ("National Energy Code of Canada for Buildings", Part 3, Article 3.2.4.1., "General").

:'''Air control layers''' regulate and often prohibit the “flow of air through the building enclosure, either inward or outward” ("Guide for Designing Energy Efficient Building Enclosures", Homeowner Protection Office (Branch of BC Housing)). Controlling air flow into and out of conditioned spaces affects the performance of “thermally efficient enclosure assemblies” (ibid), impacts the potential for condensation in between materials, and directly influences rain water penetration of the building envelope.

:'''Vapour control layers''' regulate or prohibit the movement of water vapour from one space to another by means of diffusion. Consequently, these control layers are referred to as either vapour-permeable or impermeable. Diffusion is a slow process, in contrast to air movement, and its regulation is not always mandatory or even desirable.

:Any references in this ''Manual'' to installation methodologies, and any construction details that show air and vapour control layers, are merely illustrative and not prescriptive.  Installers of continuous air and vapour control layer ''systems'' are urged to understand and comply with best practices for their application.

<div id=A-6.1.3.1.></div>
:<big>'''A-6.1.3.1.'''</big> ('''Responsibility for Design''')
:Air and vapour control layer performance is not part of the '''''RoofStar Guarantee''''', and air and vapour control materials are not listed in [[Division C | Division C]].

:In some ''roof assembly'' designs, the required underlayment may serve as an air control layer, vapour control layer, or both; this is dependent upon the properties of the material to be used and will be subject to the designer’s modelling of the ''assembly''.  Consult the Technical Data Sheets for suitable materials.

<div id=A-6.2.1.2.></div>
:<big>'''A-6.2.1.2.'''</big> ('''Prohibited Materials for RoofStar Guarantee''')
:Constructability, and resistance to damage, heat, and to solvent-based products, are key properties of air and vapour control materials.  While the '''''RoofStar Guarantee''''' does not extend coverage to air and vapour control materials, or to their performance (Ref. Note A-6, "Air and Vapour Controls"), leaks through or past damaged or poorly sealed materials can adversely affect the performance of the guaranteed ''roof system''. For this reason, both polyethylene plastic sheet products and bitumen-impregnated kraft paper are not permitted in a roof intended to qualify for a '''''RoofStar Guarantee'''''; both materials are easily damaged (punctured) during construction, and proper sealing of each material to itself and to adjoining materials is difficult.

====<big><span class="reference">Notes to Part 7</span></big>====

<div id=A-7.1.3.1.></div>
:<big>'''A-7.1.3.1.'''</big> ('''Responsibility for Design''')
:Insulation materials rely on various standards for the determination of thermal resistance, which means that not all data can be easily compared. Furthermore, not all insulation products perform with consistent thermal resistance as temperature changes, and some insulation performance declines with age. Therefore, refer to the "Long-term Thermal Resistance" (LTTR) for each insulation product, in relation to the product's placement within the roof assembly and the anticipated outside and interior climates of the building.

:Also see the "British Columbia Building Code", Division B, Part 10 (Ref. Div. B, Section 9.25., "Heat Transfer, Air Leakage and Condensation Control" for structures governed by Part 9), together with relevant requirements in Division A and Division C of the Building Code.

<div id=A-7.1.3.4.></div>
:<big>'''A-7.1.3.4.'''</big> ('''Effective Thermal Resistance and Layering''')
:In warm seasons, the roof surface may reach temperatures higher than 85°C (185°F), affecting the performance and stability of some insulation. Consequently, the requirement which limits panel size in single-layer applications ensures that inevitable gaps between adjacent panels are kept to a minimum.  Combining insulation types in a ''roof system'' may help mitigate these temperature swings and the consequence of thermal contraction. The ''Design Authority'' therefore must consider these variables when specifying materials and their installation.

:The "Long-Term Thermal Resistance" (LTTR) measurement of closed-cell insulation materials remains the standard by which insulation performance is measured.  Published R-values should reflect the LTTR of the material.  In Canada, two principal standards apply to the accurate measurement of thermal resistance: CAN/ULC-S770 ("Standard Test Method for Determination of Long-Term Thermal Resistance of Closed-Cell Thermal Insulating Foams") and CAN/ULC-S704.1 ("Standard for Thermal Insulation, Polyurethane and Polyisocyanurate, Boards, Faced").

====<big><span class="reference">Notes to Part 8</span></big>====

====<big><span class="reference">Notes to Part 9</span></big>====

====<big><span class="reference">Notes to Part 10</span></big>====

<div id=A-10.1.3.2.(5)></div>
:<big>'''A-10.1.3.2.(5)'''</big> ('''General Requirements, EIFS''')
:For best practices, refer to the EIFS Practices Manual downloadable from the [http://eifscouncil.org/eifs-practice-manual EIFS Council of Canada] and [http://eifscouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Tech-EIFSMouldings-V1_2.pdf Technical Bulletin 1, V. 1.2], "EIFS Trim and Mouldings - Design and Installation" issued by the EIFS Council of Canada.

====<big><span class="reference">Notes to Part 11</span></big>====
<div id=A-11.1.4.2.></div>
:<big>'''A-11.1.4.2.'''</big> ('''Scuppers and Overflows''')
:The primary function of an overflow is to keep a roof from collapsing when primary roof drains are plugged or cannot drain heavy rainfall.  New and existing buildings should incorporate overflows to handle large rain events.  Refer to the "British Columbia Building Code" and the "British Columbia Plumbing Code" for drain sizing and location requirements.

<div id=A-11.1.4.3.></div>
:<big>'''A-11.1.4.3.'''</big> ('''Membrane Gutters''')
:Gutters designed with downward-draining flanged drains need sufficient width to properly secure and seal the flange to the gutter membrane system.  Gutters narrower than 300 mm compromise this critical detail, either by forcing the installer to trim the flange to fit the gutter width (which can compromise securement of the drain body), or by reducing the breadth of membrane needed to properly seal the drain flange to the gutter bottom.  Gutters designed with cast-iron drains must be at least 100 mm (4") wider than the width of the drain body, to permit a sufficient membrane seal; more width is better, improving the effectiveness of the drain installation.

<div id=A-11.2.1.2.></div>
:<big>'''A-11.2.1.2.'''</big> ('''Roof Drains and Scuppers''')
:Roof drains are comprised mainly of two parts: a bowl or flange that is affixed to the roof deck with mechanical fasteners or a proprietary clamping mechanism; and an integral drain stem that connects the bowl or flange to the leader. Roof drains are sized according to the diameter of the drain stem.  The appropriate size and number of roof drains for any given roof area is determined by the relevant building code in force (Ref. "British Columbia Plumbing Code", Division B, Article 2.4.10.4., "Hydraulic Loads from Roofs or Paved Surfaces").

:Roof drains can be further classified as ''internal'' or ''external''. ''Internal roof drains'' are connected to leaders located and connected to a storm building drain or sewer inside the exterior surface of a building. ''Internal roof drains'' may be made of cast iron (secured to the ''roof assembly'' with clamps) or from copper or aluminum, fashioned from spun components that are welded together and incorporate a flange around the drain bowl.  

:''External roof drains'' direct storm water outside the exterior surface of a building.  ''Scuppers'' and ''overflow drains'' are the common types of ''external roof drains'', and may connect to leaders or simply drain freely. Any requirements for leaders and connections to leaders may be found in the applicable municipal and provincial building and plumbing codes (Ref. "British Columbia Building Code", Division B, Article 5.6.2.2., "Accumulation and Disposal").

====<big><span class="reference">Notes to Part 12</span></big>====

====<big><span class="reference">Notes to Part 13</span></big>====

====<big><span class="reference">Notes to Part 14</span></big>====
<div id=A-14.1.></div>
:<big>'''A-14.1.'''</big> ('''Design''')
:Membrane ''roof systems'' may be utilized for more than simple weather protection; they can be occupied by casual or regular users, for gardening, playing, lounging, or other leisure activities.  Roofs that serve as amenity spaces require that the ''Design Authority'' pay particular attention to the ''system'' selection itself and, especially, to the protection of the roof membrane.

:A ''protected roof system'' (often referred to as an "inverted roof") offers the designer many benefits, including</span>
:*longer lasting membranes.
:*capacity for heavier dead and live loads</span>.
:*only one control layer to seal and join with the rest of the building envelope</span>.
:*fewer waterproofing challenges around penetrations</span>.
:*the capacity for electronic leak detection (whether passive or monitored)</span>.

<div id=A-14.1.3.9.></div>
:<big>'''A-14.1.3.0.'''</big> ('''Filter Fabric''')
:Filter fabric is necessary to contain XPS insulation and thereby prevent ‘insulation stacking’ (displacement) when insulation boards become buoyant in water.  The fabric also prevents "fines" from settling at the membrane level and filling the voids between insulation board joints.

<div id=A-14.1.3.10.></div>
:<big>'''A-14.1.3.10.'''</big> ('''Gravel''')
:Gravel used as a roof covering is different from its function as ballast on a ''protected roof system''; gravel used as ballast is considered a means of securement (holding down the rest of the ''roof system'') and is covered in Part 3, "Securing the Roof Assembly", and in Part 9.

<div id=A-14.1.3.11.></div>
:<big>'''A-14.1.3.11.'''</big> ('''Wearing Surfaces''')
:Inaccessible wearing surfaces such as concrete are permissible, but because the cost to remove them, in the event of a leak, is borne by the owner of the roof, specifying a scored slab may minimize destruction costs by isolating wearing surface removal and replacement to specific grids.  Also, consider "Electronic Leak Detection" when specifying wearing surfaces like concrete; working in combination with a scored slab, ELD can minimize slab removal costs.

:Note that not all filter fabrics can successfully prevent the passage of concrete slurry.  For this reason, the ''Design Authority'' should consult with the membrane manufacturer concerning a suitable filtering product.

<div id=A-14.1.3.13.></div>
:<big>'''A-14.1.3.13.'''</big> ('''Structures and Equipment''')
:Because roof membranes eventually require renewal (see Part 1 for available options), constructing heavy installation on a membrane poses challenges for the roofing contractor at renewal time (and, leaks that occur beneath a heavy structure cannot be repaired without considerable expense by the owner).  Therefore, consider specifying only relatively light superimposed loads for placement ''on'' the membrane, and consider structural supports for larger installations that, by their nature, cannot be moved to facilitate roof membrane renewal.

<div id=A-14.3.2.6.></div>
:<big>'''A-14.3.2.6.'''</big> ('''Vegetated Roof Systems''')
:Built-in-place ''vegetated roof systems'' often are constructed and maintained using sharp or pronged hand tools.  To ensure the roof membrane is not damaged during installation or maintenance of the VRS, the ''Design Authority'' should consider adding additional penetration-resistant protection courses, including protection around all perimeters.

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